How to replace Mulching blades on a John Deere LA130 Riding Mower from the bottom?
I would not like to remove the casing, but by trying to replace from the bottom, is it possible to replace them? And if so, how?
I see the large bolt and washers to remove... is that it?

If you mean the large bolt in the center of the blade, then you are correct.
I would unplug the spark plug first. Then block the back tires. Then lift the front end up off the ground so you can see and reach in there to work. Put the front on jack stands. Then you need to immobilize the blade, generally a screwdriver can be put into a hold in the deck and then a wrench on the bolt.
Rather than replacing the blade, you could sharpen it. A grinder or a drill with a grinder would make fairly short work of this, or you could clamp it tight and use a file. I use two, one course, one fine. My blades generally last me ten years or until I replace the mower. Have never bought a new blade, have sharpened all of them. About twice a year, sometimes three times if I am up on it. Oh, don’t forget to see if it is pretty balanced. I use a device made to balance it but it is basically just a pivot you put the hole on and watch how it balances.